A Study On Agency Sponsorship Essay - 1118 Words

Agency Sponsorship The group will be run by a License Master Social worker (LMSW) who getting supervised to became a License Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). The LMSW is very known in the community and works primarily with adolescents. The LMSW works part time with the local Boys and Girls Club of America. This provides access to a physical location for the group. The Boys and Girls Club America mission is, â€Å"to enable all young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential as productive, caring, responsible citizens† (Boys and Girls Club Mission Statement, 2016). The group promotes self-care as well as improving the self-esteem of young adolescent females. This not only fits in with the mission, but the core beliefs of proving ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals and life-enhancing programs and character development experiences (Boys and Girls Club Mission Statement, 2016). Since LCSW works for the local Boys and Girls Club there is no additional cost for using the space. Membership The group will service adolescent females in ages eleven to fourteen. This is a transitional time for most young girls. Most girls in this age group are in middle school or entering high school. Before 15 years old, adolescents will have been exposed to events that can influence their self-esteem in positive and negative ways (Young, 2009). Searcy (2007) states that â€Å"life decisions impacted by self-esteem included: (a) whether to engage in protectedShow MoreRelatedMarketing Definition and Importance1431 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone can do it. But as a business person you have to get rid of this view point and employ a professional marketing agency that will device your marketing strategy and help you execute it as well. 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Within the careers of sport management, the top positions of sports are consisted of presidents, coordinators, and officials. Of the top positions lies my most interested career of the athletic director, the administrator of all operations of coaches,Read MoreBan On Tobacco By The Government Of India1078 Words   |  5 Pagesforms and an array of smokeless tobacco products. Many of these products are manufactured as cottage and small-scale industries using varying mixtures and widely differing processes of manufacturing. Taking a look at the statistics released by world agency as stated in the passage, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. 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We will also cover Nike s international activities and how they managed to become today s world s leading supplier of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. We will see how this company managed to expand internationally and control the sportswear arena completely by utilizing marketing strategy centeringRead MoreThe New Eu Regulation For Clinical Trials957 Words   |  4 Pagesreducing the administrative burden associated with the conduct of these studies. 2. Developing a single EU portal for applications, allowing all member states to participate, which should allow tightly defined subgroups (i.e based on genomics) to be recruited in adequate numbers. There will also be an EU database for safety reporting, preventing researchers from having to submit largely identical information on the conduct of the study separately to various national bodies. 3. Increasing the number ofRead MoreCase Study of Onida: Brand Analysis and Revival Strategies1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe brand has partly moved from one marketing agency to another i.e. from Rediffusion to McCann Erickson. But as usual, when the agency changes, the entire brand elements changes. For Onida, the change till now unfortunately is always for the worse. When OM took the brand from Avenues, the famous tagline â€Å"Neighbor’s Envy, Owner’s Pride† and the Devil was taken off. The brand suffered for almost 10 years and has never recovered since .The change of agency from OM to Reinfusion again changed thingsRead MoreEssay On Change In Life1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthat every cent counts.† She placed the copper coin in my palm and curled my fingers close. â€Å"Now, you’re going with your parents. Bringing you was a last minute decision for them so behave. They are doing this for your future so listen, be good and study hard.† She smiled me then pulled me tightly into a warm embrace. That was the last hug I would receive from my aunt for 5 years. One month before I graduated from first grade, my parents told me that they were going to the United States. I knew something

Methods Of An Hr Professional - 1355 Words

1. Propose two (2) methods an HR professional could use to determine incentive pay. Specify the main manner in which the proposed methods take into consideration individual, group, and company performance. Justify your response. To be effective, incentive pay should boost the kinds of behavior that are most needed, and employees must believe they have the aptitude to encounter the performance standards. Employees must value and appreciate the rewards, and believe the pay plan is fair. Organizations can link incentive pay to individual performance, revenues, or other methods of success. They select incentives based on their budgets, anticipated influence on performance, and fit with the organizations broader HR and company strategies and objectives. As Hr. manager I will use the Merit pay system, and Gainsharing methods for incentive pay Merit pay is a system associating pay increases to ratings and evaluations on performance assessments. This system gives the biggest pay increases to the best performers and to those whose pay is comparatively low for their occupation. Organizations review merit upsurge grids in fluctuating economic and financial circumstances. â€Å"In companies that give yearly merit increases without a different raise for increases in cost of living, merit pay ends up serving as a cost-of-living adjustment and creates a sense of entitlement on the part of employees, with even low performers expecting them† ((Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, Wright pg. 375 ) .Show MoreRelatedThe Concept and Importance of Continuous Professional Development (Cpd)1724 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of continuous Professional Development (CPD) 1) Concept of CPD: CPD in other words known as Continuous Development, this is because the development of professional people increasing day by day and there is no end in 21st century. Due to Global competition the number of professionals increasing day by day, Clients is ever more aware of their rights and the levels of quality that they demand are continuously rising. Latest technology offers many advance and new methods of working. This latestRead MoreDeveloping Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Practitioner1413 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities, first, a brief description of the CIPD Professional Map, which will help us have a better understanding of the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be an effective practitioner. The second activity will specify how an HR practitioner can ensure the services they provide are timely and effective. 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Consumer Traits and Behavior Paper Free Essays

The practice of making a purchase or the influence of purchasing habits consists of several unseen processes. Most of these processes consist of consumer traits, social, psychological, decision, and behavior processes, which are in need of research. Organized study has gathered several theories and reasons concerning how, and why consumer traits and behavior have influence concerning the purchasing process. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Traits and Behavior Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The consumer psychologist propose that each purchase made by consumers are in a number of ways influenced by components, such as cultural influences, psychological, and social processes, internal, and external factors. Consumers of today are demonstrating a desire for fresh products and services. Because of these desires, doors of opportunity are opened for consumers, marketing providers, and businesses to approve or disapprove new concepts. Organizations will need to conduct nationwide research concerning the consumer’s behavior, and his or her decision- making processes. The research will support a variety of roles and ideas for product development. A successful marketer understands the numerous causes, motivation, and influences of consumer purchasing. A psychological process occurs in the minds of individuals, and usually affects the individuals’ behavior. Concerning this topic, psychological process determines the consumer’s behavior. The team member will discuss three psychological processes, and three social processes. The team member will begin with psychological processes. Motivation: The internal force that encourages the consumer to take certain actions, Memory: Consumers use this process to store, acquire, retain, and retrieve information sometimes later. Perception: by perception, consumers interpret, and organize sensations that affect him or her, and important to his or her lives. A social process occurs in an individuals’ life or surroundings. An individuals’ social life may affect his or her patterns of behavior and interactions. Social influence processes include: Family and role influences: How individuals are raised and family roles often determine how he or she responds to the environment. Opinion leaders: Individuals are usually affected by those who influenced his or her life. Culture: Individuals may acquire similar or different interests, or likes. The importance of understanding consumer motivation will help businesses to develop marketing strategies that work. Businesses can communicate with his or her customer in ways that highlight his or her most valuable attributes. A successful business relies upon its capability to draw and keep customers, eager to buy goods and services at costs that will profit the business. Consumer perception explains how consumers and probable consumers view other companies, and his or her goods and service. Consumer perception becomes significant for a business because it can influence the customer’s behavior, which eventually affects the businesses profits. A variety of businesses spend huge quantities of capital to persuade customer awareness. Consumer perception can most times determine success or failure for a business. An example of this consists of an individual who own his or her restaurant, and the restaurant has a reputation for serving good food. The general perception would indicate that everyone should eat at this particular restaurant because it serves the best foods in town. This perception could boost revenue for the restaurant, but on the other hand if consumers had a negative perception about the restaurant, it could hinder profits. Consumer memory allows consumers to remember and identify information for future use. Therefore, memory plays an important role concerning the decision- making process of consumers, by moving his or her awareness and remembrance of marketing information. Consumers used information stored in his or her memory knowingly and unknowingly when making decisions. These decisions range from what brand and flavor of soda to drink or what manufacture, and type of car to purchase. By understanding these important processes marketers can better prepare to market new product and services to consumers. How to cite Consumer Traits and Behavior Paper, Papers

Reliability and validity

Question: What is the difference between reliability and validity? Which is more important? Why? What are the different ways of assessing reliability? What are the different ways of assessing validity? What are the different ways of obtaining validity evidence? Answer: Introduction Reliability and validity are the scales of measurement that is used in research methodology. However, both the terms sound as like they are similar in nature, but there are technical differences between them. Reliability Reliability is the scale or instrument of measurement that is consistent with its result. It means if any test is taken using any instrument for a particular subject and the result of the test will be similar in every attempt then it will be considered as reliable. Reliability is more concerned with the consistency and the stability of the test result (Bryman Bell, 2015). Validity Validity is the instruments or scale by which one can measure the outcomes of a certain research hypothesis about how strong the outcomes are. With the help of validity, one can answer the question such as are we right about the research methodology or the outcomes. Validity is more concerned whether the measure has been done with the right concept or not. Reliability and validity both are related with each other in the process of measurement. Reliability is the stability of the test score and validity stands for the accuracy of the test score. Technically both of them are important for a research methodology. It is also notable that research methodology can have reliability without validity but to obtain the validity of the result or the outcome it is very important to have reliability. It means without the reliability there is no existence of validity so it can be said that reliability is more important than validity (Cooper, et al, 2006). Different ways of assessing reliability The measure indicates about the extent of the biases and ensures measurements that are consistent across time and items of the instrument. There are different types of methods for assessing reliability is discussed below. Test-retest reliability In this process, the coefficient of the outcome can be obtained by repeating same measures for a particular research. Test-retest method is done when there is a questioner that contains few items, which are supposed to use for a measurement of a certain concept that has administered to a set of respondents. If the same respondents are used after few weeks or more than six months, then the correlation obtained are from two different times. This outcome from the same respondent in two different times called test-retest coefficient. The higher the coefficient, the better the test-retest reliability and the result of the test will be more consistent and reliable (Abdulkadir Uzunz, 2011). Parallel form reliability When there are two comparable sets that will be tapping for measures the similar construct and they are highly correlated then the assessing of reliability will be called parallel form reliability. In this, case both the research methodology will contain similar things and the response formats for both the studies remain same. Here the change, which is done to maintain the difference in two methods, is the sequence of the question in the questioner. In this type of research method if the two results are highly correlated then it can be said that the results are fairly certain and reasonably reliable. Internal consistency of measures With this methodology of measures, one can indicate the homogeneity of the things that can tap the construct. In this case, the research methods should be together as a set. In spite of remaining in a set, the items should has the option of independently measuring the concepts that are similar so that when respondents provide the same meaning for each item. The help of examination and their outcomes can see this type of measures whether the subsets of different items are highly correlated. Internal consistency of the research methodology can be examined by the interitem consistency reliability and the split half reliability test (Avcu, 2015). Interitem consistency reliability In this method of measuring, there is the consistency of the reliability test by the respondents who will provide an answer to every item of the measure. In this way of measuring the reliability of the items, there should be measures that are independent should have the same concept that will remain correlated with one another. There are also two types of interitem consistency reliability test, which are Cronbachs coefficient alpha and Kuder-Richardson formulas. The first one is used for the multipoint scaled items and the second is used for dichotomous items. Here is also the higher coefficient is, the better measuring instrument (Aygun Ergun, 2015). Split-half reliability By the help of this reliability measure, one can correlate the two halves of an instrument. The two halves of the measurements will justify the estimate of the methods. If the Cronbachs coefficient alpha is lesser than the split half reliability in those circumstances, which are being, underlined more than one response dimension then the measure of certain other conditions will be met as well. Looking after these measures it can be said that in all the cases interitem consistency reliability gets the perfect and adequate indexing from Cronbachs coefficient alpha factor (DeLuca, 2011). Different ways of assessing validity Different types of validity assessing methods are Content validity, Criterion validity and construct validity. Content Validity In the assessment of validity where measures are adequate and include representative item set is in content. When the scale of measuring item represents the higher domain of universe of concept the greater the validity of the content is. The content validity will be well delineated by the different function of dimension and elements of the measurement process. One of the minimum indexes of content validity is the face validity. This is the indication of those items that are intended for a concept to measure (Endo et al., 2014). Criterion-related validity This is the validity that is established during the measurement differentiates of an individual on a expected or a predictable criterion. This type of validity demonstrates the correlation of the statistical relationship between job performance and the test performance. The Criterion-related validity is of two type Concurrent validity If there are validity test at the same time when the test is given then it is known as the concurrent validity Predictive validity If there is a validity test that is done before and then the criterion are given to the method then this is known as the predictive validity (Fikkers, Piotrowski Valkenburg, 2015). Construct Validity This type of validity measure involves the requirement of demonstration about the measure of the test that measures the characteristic of the claimed measure. This type of characteristic is important for the successful completion of the job. There are also two different type of construct validity. Convergent validity This type of convergent validity is generally established because there are two different measuring instruments are used which are similar and correlated with each other. Discriminant validity In this case they are based on the same theory, but the variables are different from each other. In this case, the variables remain uncontrolled because the variables are predicted for the measurement instrument (Haner Rude, 2015). Validity evidence There are three ways by which one can obtain validity evidence Evidence based on content measure is done by studying the construct, test content is examined then it is to decide about the representation of the adequate test content. Experts do this. Evidence based on internal structure determination of dimension, which will be, used known as factor analysis. Item will be examined for homogeneity and coefficient alpha will be calculated. Evidence based on the relation with other variables Test scores are related to certain criteria. Correlation is done between the test score of the same construct and another construct to obtain convergent evidence (Leung, 2015). Reference List Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford university press. Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., Sun, J. (2006). Business research methods(Vol. 9). New York: McGraw-hill. Abdulkadir Uzunz,. (2011). Reliability and validity towards environment attitude scale for secondary school students. Educ. Res. Rev., 6(16). doi:10.5897/err11.236 Avcu, R. (2015). Turkish Adaptation of Utley Geometry Attitude Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study. Eurasian Journal Of Educational Research, 15(58). doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.58.1 Aygun, O., Ergun, A. (2015). Validity and Reliability of Sun Protection Behavior Scale among Turkish Adolescent Population. Asian Nursing Research. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2015.04.006 DeLuca, C. (2011). Interpretive validity theory: mapping a methodology for validating educational assessments. Educational Research, 53(3), 303-320. doi:10.1080/00131881.2011.598659 Endo, A., Suzuki, M., Akagi, A., Chiba, N., Ishizaka, I., Matsunaga, A., Fukuda, M. (2014). Reliability and Validity of the Upper-body Dressing Scale in Japanese Patients with Vascular Dementia with Hemiparesis. Occup. Ther. Int., 22(1), 10-18. doi:10.1002/oti.1378 Fikkers, K., Piotrowski, J., Valkenburg, P. (2015). Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Television and Game Violence Exposure Measures. Communication Research. doi:10.1177/0093650215573863 Haner, M., Rude, S. (2015). Establishing the Reliability and Validity of a Performance Measure of Big Picture Appraisal. Cognitive Therapy And Research. doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9688-2 Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. J Family Med Prim Care, 4(3), 324. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.161306

Friendly Persuation Essays - The Friendly Persuasion, Films, Jess

Friendly Persuation Friendly Persuasion This movie not only deals with internal and external conflict but also deals with the thing that makes a man a man forgiveness and acceptance.It shows that Although there are differences between you and someone else you don't have to let that define you relationship with that person. In the story we are shown the every day life of a Quaker family where they have all taken up an oath not to raise a hand against another man.The family is presented with several tests of faith if you will.When the family goes to the fair all of the family members are confronted with some temptation the question is whether or not they will cave in and do as there id commands them.They all of them fail to stand up to their temptations.The most important of the trail is that of Joshua , where he is challenged to a wrestling match that he believes is harmless enough as the match progresses Joshua pens the man but notices that the man is in pain and releases him.Realizing that he had gone to far Joshua and his friend leave.Joshua believed that a friendly match was not harming thy neighbor but when he realized that he was hurting the man he knew that he taken it to far.This would become a redundant theme of the story , that you do what you have to do but you don't take it any farther than that.This element will re-appear when Jess is confronted by a confederate bushwhacker , who kills his friend.Once Jess un arms him and he is no longer a threat he lets him go , which is not what the average man would do , this shows that when in a situation you only do what you need to do to get out of it and no more than that. This concept is most evident when Jess goes to make sure that Joshua is okay after the battle with the confederates and Joshua is upset because he killed a small boy.His father tells him The did what the had to do.Meaning that the person that he killed would have killed him so he had no other choice but to kill him. Throughout the entire movie we are presented with several struggles many of which seem to be trivial and unimportant but they to hold great insight into the meaning of the piece. One of the more redundant of the conflicts is the one between the goose and Lil' Jess , where for no apparent reason they seem to have an ongoing feud which is quelled when Lil' Jess helps him escape from the Confederate solider. Another main point of the movie is that people have the certain idealistic beliefs that you shouldn't harm you neighbor , which would be perfectly fine if the world was perfect.However the world is far from perfect , so even though these philosophies seem good in theory there is no way that one can possible expect to be able to exercise them in the real world.An example would be the old man who originally said that he wouldn't kill one man to free another , but when his farm was burned he was ready and willing to fight and even kill.Notice how everything changes when that person is actively effected by.Its different in thought than in reality.Also when The mothers pet goose is threatened she quickly abandons her belief in non-violence and nearly bludgeons the confederate to death with a broom.It is okay to have certain beliefs but when those beliefs supersede your ability as a human being on planet earth to live by them you are setting yourself up for failure. Friendly Persuasion deals with the main characteristics that makes us human ,division war and reconciliation.All people have had there conflicts or wars with something or someone whether it be parents or siblings conflict is one if the defining traits of humanity.The key is to reconcile with your past transgressors , and that is what I believe the Friendly persuasion was attempting to display.Just as Joshua was divided from his mother , because he felt that it was necessary to fight so have many people has been divided but the key is

Principles of marketing The WritePass Journal

Principles of marketing Introduction: Principles of marketing . Wood, L. (2000). Brands and brand equity: definition and management. Management Decision, 38(9), pp.662 – 669.

Content Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Content Marketing - Essay Example There is no doubt the University Co-op acknowledges that it would not exist without the populaces that form its clientele base. In the spirit of mutual benefit, the organization has incessantly provided support ranging from $20 to $1,000,000 to students, faculty and the staff of the University of Texas in Austin as well as other community-based development projects (The University Co-op, 2013). It is indeed a venerable venture, the mother of hearty givers. Co-op GOES is one of the programs that the organization has supported for the past eight years. In the spirit of giving, the institution has continued supporting Global Opportunities in Education Scholarships. It has donated a total of $1,400,000 to Provost’s offices to sponsor hundreds of students to study abroad (The University Co-op, 2013). Many needy students with high academic capabilities have had the chance to realize their dreams through the organization’s culture of giving. Further, the organization gives students opportunities for capacity building by funding student organizations. Since 2002, the institution has devoted up to $1,566,291 to fund registered student organizations in the University of Texas, Austin (The University Co-op, 2013). Venerability of the University Co-op further exhibits itself in its continued support for UT Athletic Department Endeavors. For as long as institutions need to subsist, there is great need to sustain operations of University Co-op for the efforts it places in enhancing athletics and sports for both men and women. As it realizes the significance of sporting in individual development and has donated $1,165,000 towards sporting activities since 2002. The organization supports the Longhorn foundation, Athletics Academic Awards and Women’s Hall of Honor (The University Co-op, 2013). Additionally, the University Co-op gives opportunities to parents and their children to explore education and career chances in its locality

Legalizing Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legalizing Marijuana - Essay Example ers of marijuana will accost only its users, the truth has it that marijuana use readily and inevitably attracts crime, violence and social disintegration. The government will also incur unforeseen expenses as it disburses more funds to the healthcare sector, for the treatment of marijuana-triggered conditions. The cause of these problems is the very nature of marijuana itself. Marijuana smoke contains 50- 70% more carcinogenic hydrocarbons, compared to tobacco smoke. Similarly, the fact that a single puff of marijuana smoke significantly alters chemical composition of the brain is a matter that is amenable to psychological complications and poor health. For the most part, the party that is culpable for blame is the people who voted for the decriminalization of marijuana. Given that the majority voted in favor of the legislation of marijuana as is disclosed by the BBC, there was nothing much policy makers and legislators could do. Partly, human rights caucuses such as ACLU are guilty of championing for the legislation of marijuana without sincerely informing the public about the dangers of the unprescribed use of marijuana. Likewise, other research organizations that falsely assert that there are no side effects of marijuana are to blame for the failure to be truthful (BBC, 1). To address this problem, it will be important to conscientize the public towards the pitfalls that come with the use of marijuana. It is from this juncture that the public can make informed decision on the matter. This idea is tenable because positive change emanates from a point of knowledge and self-resolution. Self-resolution will be important for all stakeholders herein. For instance, while parents will see the need to reinforce positive influence on their children concerning this problem, legislators may see the need to push for abrogation of the clause that legalized marijuana. From this point, the conscientized public may vote wisely. Others may propose the maintenance of status

Virginia Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virginia Marketing - Case Study Example This case study is about the Virginia Tourism Corporation which is considered as a creative and dynamic organisation taking the advantage of historical relevance and beauty of the Virginia state. The corporation is also considered as one of the most important organisations in Virginia State and has been continuously involved into the various important innovative techniques of doing business which has capitalized the way tourism business has been done in the country. Due to its romantic appeal, Virginia has remained a hot spot for the tourists and it is because of this reason that Virginia Corporation is engaged into delivering tourism services to the many tourists coming from around the world to visit the aesthetic beauty of the region. As discussed above that the marketing mix is a combination of various marketing tools of strategic nature which when combined produce the results which attempt to support the organisational goals and objectives. Marketing communication techniques are basically the tools which are used by the organisation's different departments i.e. marketing, product development etc to decide upon the various important parameters. For a service oriented organisation, it is very critical that the various elements of marketing communication mix fit together to achieve the maximum results. ... oduct could have on the mindset of the customer may not be achieved through offering a service therefore service oriented organisations have to travel extra mile to reach and delight their customers and deliver value to them through combination of excellent marketing communication techniques. For this purpose, organisations therefore need to be more proactive as well as innovative in their approach to deliver value to the customers. This is achieved through the use of various tools available such as pricing through innovative means, initiating promotional activities which ensure that more and more customers come to use your services, broadening the base of channels used to generate the sales as well as engaging into effective public relation efforts so that all elements when combined deliver value to the organisation's stakeholders as well as the customers. This work will attempt to study and analyse the marketing communication techniques adopted by the organization as its effort to better place itself strategically against the competition and deliver value to both its customers as well as stakeholders besides ensuring that the organisation hold highest ethical values and social responsibility while working in an strongly service oriented industry. Analysis of Virginia Tourism Corporation The case study provided for preparing the analysis of the various marketing communication techniques relate to the Virginia Tourism Corporation. Virginia due to its natural beauty as well as historical context is considered as one of the most popular tourist spots in the country. It is very important to discuss here some of the basic characteristics of the Virginia state before discussing the various marketing communication techniques adopted by the VTC. Before discussing what is

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell Winters Bone, written by Daniel Woodrell, tells the story of seventeen year old Ree Dolly and her struggles to save her family from the unfortunate circumstance that they have found themselves in. Deep in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, where family ties are very important and all you have to do be beat up is ask the wrong questions, Ree is confronted with a clinically crazy mother, missing father and two young brothers too look after, as well as having only a matter of weeks before they are to be kicked off their own property. After her father Jessup Dolly, a well-known drug dealer and crank chef, fails to show for court, the law gives her only a few days to prove that there is a good reason that he didnt show before they claim the house that Jessup put up for his bond, where she, her mother and two younger brothers live. The reason, being that he is dead. There is no specific time period identified. However, it is safe to assume that is set in fairly recent times due to the techno logy mentioned such as Walkmans and television, as well as descriptions of modern types of cars. The novel has personal interest to me as Ree is the same age, yet in entirely different circumstances. The conditions that she has found herself placed under teach her to be very strong and have maturity beyond her years. These struggles are similar to those faced by the characters in the other texts that I have reviewed, such as Matty Ross in the film True Grit. Matty is also in a way in search of her father, except in her case it is more metaphorically than literally, as she goes on her quest to avenge her fathers death. She also is a young girl under unfortunate circumstances, who has to grow up very quickly in order to fend for herself. The novel is written in third person from an omniscient narrative point of view, focusing on Ree. This allows the reader to get a close perspective of Ree and her thoughts, letting them know what she does, yet still not being from her point of view. I personally enjoyed this perspective as at allowed me to feel closer to Ree and appreciate her outlook toward other characters as well as get a clearer idea her surroundings. This novel is similar in theme to The Hunger Games by Susanne Collins, in that the main character is a strong female of about the same age. Both Katniss and Ree are very protective of their younger siblings, Ree of Sonny and Harold, and Katniss of Prim, as well as having absent fathers and unsupportive mothers, leaving them to look after themselves as well as their siblings. They both are placed under unfortunate circumstances that force them to grow up prematurely and deal with things that people many years their senior would struggle to cope with. This plays on the sympathies of the reader, making them feel that the situation the character is in is unfair, making them want to read on to find vengeance. I believe that this text would be aimed at an older audience, as the writing style and themes involved would not be suitable for a younger audience. It is very poetic and well balanced, and would most likely be lost on the common fast paced style that is used in novels aimed at younger audiences to hold their attention. Themes like drugs and substance abuse, as well as physical abuse run throughout the text making it unsuitable for a less mature audience. It is my opinion that the book is beautifully written. It is a short book that avoids periphrasis and clichà ©, expressing only what is necessary to the imagery for the reader, making it dense and giving it the ability to hold the readers interest. It is almost poetic in the way that it is written, in that it uses a lot of imagery and gets a great deal of information out of a small amount of text, for example Fading light buttered the ridges until shadows licked them clean and they were lost to nightfall. There are also parts where what is going on is implied rather than explicit, allowing the reader to think about what is going on and read between the lines. I believe that the way that the author portrays Ree is appealing, a veiled heroine in a brutal environment, who refuses to yield to the ugliness of the society in which she lives. The general atmosphere of the text is quite sombre, however it does offer triumphant moments. The quality of writing is very different from that of The Hunger Games, which although has a good story line, is lacking in much writing technique and the language is rather colloquial. Winters Bone on the other hand is such a rich tale with a very broad dictation that helps to keep the audience captivated from beginning to completion. One of the scenes that I believe to be important to the readers perspective of Ree is the scene where she teaches her brothers how to hunt and skin squirrels. By doing this she is ensuring that they can look after themselves in future if she is not there to care for them. It is admirable how at the age of only sixteen she has practically raised them, and has the initiative to think of their futures and to protect them against any eventuality where she may not be able to look after them. She isnt stupid and knows the gravity of the situation she is putting herself in by going in search of her father, and still puts her familys well-being ahead of her own. Later on in the book after Sonny asks her if she will be leaving them for the army, Ree replies Naw. Id get lost without the weight of you two on my back. I believe that this quote accurately sums up her attitude toward her brothers, how she has been burdened with looking after them for so long that that she doesnt know what she woul d do otherwise. This novel turns out to be much more than a simple tale of a girl in search of her father. It unravels to be an admirable tale of a young heroine who refuses to let the brutalities of the world in which she lives get to her even when put under the most unpleasant circumstances. It carries strong messages of family ties and the worth of having the capability to refuse to take no for an answer. It is possibly the best written book that I have read of late, and I would not hesitate to endorse it if asked for recommendation. By Emily Moss

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Blithedale Romance Essay -- Nathaniel Hawtho

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Blithedale Romance In the penultimate chapter of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Blithedale Romance, Coverdale offers a â€Å"moral† at the end of the narrative that specifically addresses Hollingsworth’s philanthropic and personal failures: "†¦admitting what is called philanthropy, when adopted as a profession, to be often useful by its energetic impulse to society at large, it is perilous to the individual whose ruling passion, in one exclusive channel, it thus becomes. It ruins, or is fearfully apt to ruin, the heart, the rich juices of which God never meant should be pressed violently out and distilled into alcoholic liquor by an unnatural process, but should render life sweet, bland, and gently beneficent, and insensibly influence over other hearts and other lives to the same blessed end." (348) Coverdale’s â€Å"moral,† which implicates all of the reformers, including both Hollingsworth and himself, implies that an Edenic world created by individuals unwilling to acknowledge a deterministic universe ultimately proves destructive, both to the self and to others. It not only proves fatal for the individual—as evidenced in Hollingsworth’s â€Å"ruling passion,† Coverdale’s disillusionment, and Zenobia’s suicide—but it also proves fatal to the community, composed of â€Å"rich juices† symbolically depicted throughout the novel as fruit, specifically grapes and wine, that represent its members and their desires. When â€Å"pressed violently,† these â€Å"ruling passion[s]† follow an â€Å"unnatural process† that cannot accommodate a â€Å"life sweet, bland, and gently beneficent,† or one that accepts a predetermined course not governed by individual human will. Coverdale’s journey, a journey not only temporally taken through seasons ... ...to establish community in a predetermined world. The latter painting only results in isolation, in the â€Å"death-in-life† state even Coverdale cannot escape at the end. The â€Å"bubbled† world encapsulated in the revelers’ painting offers a momentarily glimpse into the ending Hawthorne does not give the romance. Rather, he leaves us with the last painting’s lesson, the â€Å"broken bubble† that not only describes Blithedale, Hollingsworth, and Zenobia, it also describes Coverdale, who sits in judgement on others, even in his memory, and leaves himself, like the â€Å"New England toper,† in isolation. If, in Hawthorne’s view, we should accept a predetermined course, acknowledging that we have no free will and no possibility for a Paradisiacal world devoid of corruption, then we should also learn to share together in a communal spirit that ultimately defeats absolutism and isolation.

Management Efficiency Ratios: Burger King vs. McDonalds

This paper seeks to compare Burger King (BK) with its competitor McDonald (MCD) in the restaurant industry, using their financial statements as basis in terms of profitability and management efficiency ratios for the latest fiscal year. This will also discuss the concept of operating cost, evaluate the annual and year-end results of the two companies, and interpret BK as takeover target compared with its competitors. Burger King’s profitability is obviously lower than MCD.Based on net profit margin for year 2008, BK had 7. 3% as compared with MCD’s 18. 3% for the same year. The same behavior may be observed in terms of pre-tax margin, where BK had 11% as against that of MCD at 26. 2 % for the same year. It is only in terms of gross margins that BK has exceeded that of MCD but the net margin and pre-tax margin are better ways to measure profitability as expenses need to be deducted further.For purposes of comparing the net profit margin and pre-tax margin of the two comp anies against the industry average, BK is worse but MCD is definitely better. The Return of Asset (ROA) of BK is 7. 1% for the 2008 and is lower than that of MCD, which reflected ROA of 14. 9% for the same year. The results of these ratios further confirmed earlier observation in net profit margin. The same better profitability is further observed in terms of Return of Equity (ROE) where BK showed 22. 2% for 2008, which is still lower than MCD’s 30.1% for 2008. While ROA measures how efficient management a company is in terms of assets employed in business, ROE measures how much management is compensating resources invested by stockholders, the results would still reinforce earlier finding that BK, is less profitable and less efficient than MCD. The less profitability and efficiency of BK as against MCD is also further proven in terms of the former’s lower receivable turnover of 18. 67 for 2008 as against 23. 7 for MCD and 46. 8 for industry average.Inventory turnover for BK is not possible because of its absence of inventory for 2008 while that of MCD, the figure is over 100 times for 2008, which is even higher than industry average. Even if no comparison could be made in terms of inventory turnover, there is sufficient evidence to show better profitability and efficiency for MCD as against BK. To discuss the concept of operating cost for operating a business, the same must be minimized in order to maximize profits since costs or expenses must be deducted from revenues in order to derive profit.The lower the cost, the higher would be the profit assuming revenues are the same. To evaluate the annual and year-end results of the two companies and interpret BK as takeover target compared with its competitors, there is need to look at profitability and management efficiency of the two companies. As found out, BK was less profitable and less efficient than MCD. However, a company wishing to take over another company does not necessarily follow that it can also take over a better competitor of the target for many reasons.What must be controlling on the part of the company making the takeover is the expected profit of the takeover, both over the short and the longer-term, and which should be higher than the cost of capital or operating cost in order to justify the takeover. It can be concluded that BK may be less profitable and less efficient than its competitor MCD may, but if the profitability of BK could improve the profitability and efficiency of both the acquired and the acquired company combined together after the takeover, there is still justification to continue the takeover of BK.References:MSN (2009a) Financial Ratios of Burger King, {www document} URL http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/compare. asp? Symbol=US%3aBKC, Accessed April 17, 2009.MSN (2009b) Financial Ratios of McDonalds, {www document} URL http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/compare. asp? Symbol=MCD, Accessed April 17, 200 9.

Free Essays on Abortions In The U.S.A.

Abortions in the United States The United States should make it illegal for any woman to have an induced abortion. An induced abortion is unlike a spontaneous abortion, and is unnecessary. Also, abortions are the act of killing an unborn human being, and are the same as murder. Induced abortions are a simple way out of parenthood, humiliation, and responsibility for some people. There are two types of abortions; spontaneous and induced. A spontaneous abortion happens naturally due to health factors in the woman. For instance, if the placenta breaks away from the uterine wall during the pregnancy the fetus could die. Also, older women develop uterine fibroids that interfere with pregnancy. These are situations that cannot be helped. Sometimes if an IUD is in place and the woman becomes pregnant anyways, it is very certain that the fetus will not make it to the ninth month. An induced abortion is completely different. The act is not natural, but performed purposely by a doctor. The woman’s body does not kill the fetus, but a doctor with a tube hooked to a vacuum and a bag. A fetus inside of a woman is a tiny human being; a person. When a woman has an abortion, the doctor has a few options of how to kill the fetus. First he or she can suck the fetus and placenta out with a tube about the size of a catheter, where it is then disposed of in a small bag. If the abortion is happening late in the pregnancy the fetus is partially formed into a baby. Therefore, the doctor must both induce labor and then dispose of the half formed child. It is like throwing a small child into the trash and forgetting about it. An induced abortion is infanticide; the harming of a child. Several years ago, a Dr. Laufe was asked by a patient to perform an abortion late in the pregnancy. When the fetus came out it wasn’t the size of a peanut, but a 2 pound baby. The nurse that was present for the process ran out of the room screaming â€Å"Murd... Free Essays on Abortions In The U.S.A. Free Essays on Abortions In The U.S.A. Abortions in the United States The United States should make it illegal for any woman to have an induced abortion. An induced abortion is unlike a spontaneous abortion, and is unnecessary. Also, abortions are the act of killing an unborn human being, and are the same as murder. Induced abortions are a simple way out of parenthood, humiliation, and responsibility for some people. There are two types of abortions; spontaneous and induced. A spontaneous abortion happens naturally due to health factors in the woman. For instance, if the placenta breaks away from the uterine wall during the pregnancy the fetus could die. Also, older women develop uterine fibroids that interfere with pregnancy. These are situations that cannot be helped. Sometimes if an IUD is in place and the woman becomes pregnant anyways, it is very certain that the fetus will not make it to the ninth month. An induced abortion is completely different. The act is not natural, but performed purposely by a doctor. The woman’s body does not kill the fetus, but a doctor with a tube hooked to a vacuum and a bag. A fetus inside of a woman is a tiny human being; a person. When a woman has an abortion, the doctor has a few options of how to kill the fetus. First he or she can suck the fetus and placenta out with a tube about the size of a catheter, where it is then disposed of in a small bag. If the abortion is happening late in the pregnancy the fetus is partially formed into a baby. Therefore, the doctor must both induce labor and then dispose of the half formed child. It is like throwing a small child into the trash and forgetting about it. An induced abortion is infanticide; the harming of a child. Several years ago, a Dr. Laufe was asked by a patient to perform an abortion late in the pregnancy. When the fetus came out it wasn’t the size of a peanut, but a 2 pound baby. The nurse that was present for the process ran out of the room screaming â€Å"Murd...

The Articles vs Consitution essays

The Articles vs Consitution essays The fundamental basis of our government was very weak compared to the government of today. Under the Articles of Confederation, the states were hardly unified, and had no strong central government. When the Federal Constitution was established, the states were finally united, and the delegates realized that the power must come from the central government. When the Articles of Confederation were written in 1777, weakness was prominent. There was only one vote in Congress for each state, which was unfair to the states with a larger population. There was a Two-Thirds vote required in Congress for all important decisions. There were no separation of powers; Congress carried out the laws. The central government had no control over commerce; each state had individual foreign affairs. There were no federal courts, and had no authority to act directly upon individuals and no power to compel states. Under the Articles, the states seemed to have more power than the central government. Realizing that America was under a weak central government, in 1788 thirteen delegates met in Philadelphia to draw up the new and improved Federal Constitution. This created unlike the Articles a more unified union. A compromise was made between the populous states and the smaller states. Two houses of government were established. In the Senate, there were two votes, disregarding the population of the state. This complied with the equal representation deal. The other half was called the House of Representatives, which the votes depended on the population of that state. In the matter of deciding important issues, a simple majority vote was needed in Congress. There were now three branches of government, the executive (presidential), legislative (Congress), and the judicial (Supreme Court). The executive branch now had the powers to execute laws, and the Supreme Court headed the Federal Courts. The power foreign and interstate commerce was now gi...

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Boddy (2008) defines Human Resource Management (HRM) as â€Å"the effective use of human resources in order to enhance organizational performance† (p.354). Human resource management is one of the core areas of organizational functions. Even though an organization has many resources such as manpower, materials, machines and money, manpower or human resource seems to the most important one. Context for HRM & key concepts and practices associated with HRM According to Torrington et al. (2011), â€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the basis of all management activity†( p.4). In fact all the management activities in an organization start from HR. If HR fails to identify and post suitable talents, the organization may not develop properly. The right person at the right place at the right time will always bring benefits to the organization. Since human resource managers are responsible for recruitment, placements, training, development and retention of the employees; the performances of human resource department is vital for the success of an organization. It should be noted that most of the current organizations are operating internationally and diversity in the workforce is not a myth but a fact. Diverse workforce often brings different types of conflicts in the workplace. HR department is responsible for settling such disputes. Strategic HRM is gaining popularity at present because of the globalized nature of organizations a nd the workforce. Paauwe & Boselie (2005) mentioned that â€Å"HRM practices should focus particularly on employee development, the encouragement of learning and knowledge management†. Knowledge management is vital for organizations to stay competitive in the heavily globalized and competitive market. It is necessary to update the knowledge of the employees periodically to make them capable of dealing with the new challenges. Training and development are necessary for the employees to update their skills and knowledge. HR department is responsible for organising training for the employees. As mentioned earlier, majority of the organizations have diverse workforce at present. Diverse workforce often brings a variety of challenges to HRM. Work philosophy, attitudes, skill sets, ethics, values, language, communication means, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds of diverse workforces are extremely different. For example, many American companies are currently operating in China and these companies have many American employees along with Chinese employees. China and America are entirely different countries in terms of politics and culture. American employees may face lot of problems related to culture and politics while working in China. HR managers are responsible for providing necessary training to such employees before sending them to China. In short, HR management principles are changing as time goes on because of the huge changes happening in the global business world. The success of an organization depends on how well the HR department deals with such changes and makes corrections in its strategies. Along with employee recruitment, training and development, employee retention is another critical area handled by HR department. It should be noted that smart employees always get better opportunities. It is the duty of the HR managers to provide necessary motivation for work to the employees. Better remuneration and incentives alone may not motivate the employees to stick w ith an organization. Along with remuneration, current employees are particular about the work culture, organizational climate and work-life

Quality Function Deployment - Carry out a QFD assessment. & Submit a Essay

Quality Function Deployment - Carry out a QFD assessment. & Submit a completed 'House of Quality' diagram to show the results - Essay Example The first brick or building block should give us some information about what our target audience wants. Analyzing performance of our hand held battery operated drill among the target audience of small business operators they gave us answers in deep expecting â€Å"Voice of the Customer† that main features they require from a hand held drill are time of operation before it needs recharging, its weight as they have to carry it and hammering speed if they need to drill into concrete. (Akao, Yoji., 1990) They were not concerned about other features like durability, parts and service availability, warranty, price or maintenance so we did not have to group customer wishes into smaller groups in a way of affinity or a tree diagram. In our next step we encounter Planning Matrix at the right side of QFD house modeled matrix. Its function is many-fold as it quantifies the â€Å"Voice of the Customer† and allows for its adjustments with the issues concerning the design team. (Gibs on, J., 1995) First we need to get our customers rate how important is for them chosen requirement that we found asking them on the left side of the house. (Gaucher, E., Coffey R., 1993) We can gather this information by questionnaires where customers can rate how important the feature is for them on a scale from 1-5 or 1-10 or we can use analytical hierarchy process by combining two features and asking them which one means more to them. The second method requires a little more work on our side. At the same time when we already have a customer willing to cooperate we should also ask if she/he can evaluate his satisfaction with our product and some competitors products as a whole and by separate features. Once done and statistically measured this number are basis for comparison and calculations of Planned Satisfaction Rating, Improvement Factor, Sales Point, and Overall Weighting. Our customers gave us Feature Importance rating of 4.5 for ability to work longer without recharging 2.7 for having hammering ability and 1.8 to be light to carry around. They marked our product with 3.6 for battery life, 1.8 for easy carrying and 3.1 for hammering ability. Competitor A and B got the following marks respectively: battery life 3.2 and 2.9, easy to carry 2.9 and 3.7, and for hammering ability 1 and 4.4. (Akao, Y., 1990) Our guys from technical department added a column for Planned Satisfaction Rating at 4 for battery life, 2 for easy carry and unchanged for hammering ability. Thus improvement factor for battery life came at 1.4, for easy to carry feature at 1.2 and unchanged 1 for hammering ability. We thought that battery life could be our next sales point so we added additional 1.5 weights to it from sales perspective. (Cooper, R., 1993) The third building block oh the â€Å"House of Quality† matrix consists of technical requirements recognized as the Voice of the Company. (Gibson, J., 1995, p.8) QFD team here identifies all measurable characteristics of the pr oduct as they relate to customer wish list. A line can be added here that shows whether we need to increase or decrease the feature as decrease to make it lighter or increase to make it last longer. In our case we noted battery life increase requirement and weight decrease requirement while we think that we are on the money with one hammering speed. In the middle section of the â€Å"House of Quality† matrix we assign different weights to relationships. This is rather subjective and may lead to wrong

Letter of complaint against manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter of complaint against manager - Essay Example Based on stipulations presented by SEHA organization of medical practitioners, I do personally consider Dr. Amira amongst other doctors and administrators guilty of issues presented above. Firstly, I would like to concur with you on Dr. Amira situation who on several accounts have applied her position to influence activities at the work place. In this remark, I will establish in this letter that on 7th October, my client sent an email requesting for her annual review starting on November 5th, and 6th emphasizing on the urgency of her leave. However, in her letter, my client explains how her leave was neglected with the indirect command of Dr. Amira. According to Dr. Amira, leaves were not to be permitted. In this event, I would like to establish that my client was neglected, since a follow up 20th, Oct letter was put on oblivion by administrative assistants Ekhlas Ahmed. According to a letter written by Dr Amira on 3rd, November (two days before the official leave request day), it was categorical that Dr. Amira was adamant to issue a leave request to Dr. Fatima. The letter stated, and I quote â€Å"Unfortunately your request was submitted within a short notice and it has to be planned in advance, I have forward your request to HR and Health operation department for feedback†. For clarity, my client was given a leave of 32 days. For prudency, my client had submitted the request first 28 days in advance and second 40 days in advance; however, she could not access any of the two leaves because of bellicose action presented by Dr. Amira. On the account of SEHA Employees Handbook – Human Resources Policies commonly used by employees, it was imperative to consider that Dr. Amira had contravened basic ethics required by the codes. I would like to concur with you that, my client diligently abided by these rules. Code 3 in particular stipulates that Annual leave should be made 2 weeks prior upon the

The Source of Creativity in Writers Essay Example for Free

The Source of Creativity in Writers Essay We laymen have always been intensely curious to know like the Cardinal who put a similar question to Ariosto from what sources that strange being, the creative writer, draws his material, and how he manages to make such an impression on us with it and to arouse in us emotions of which, perhaps, we had not even thought ourselves capable. Our interest is only heightened the more by the fact that, if we ask him, the writer himself gives us no explanation, or none that is satisfactory; and it is not at all weakened by our knowledge that not even the clearest insight into the determinants of his choice of material and into the nature of the art of creating imaginative form will ever help to make creative writers of us. If we could at least discover in ourselves or in people like ourselves an activity which was in some way akin to creative writing! An examination of it would then give us a hope of obtaining the beginnings of an explanation of the creative work of writers. And, indeed, there is some prospect of this being possible. After all, creative writers themselves like to lessen the distance between their kind and the common run of humanity; they so often assure us that every man is a poet at heart and that the last poet will not perish till the last man does. Should we not look for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood The child’s best-loved and most intense occupation is with his play or games. Might we not say that every child at play behaves like a creative writer, in that he creates a world of his own, or, rather, re-arranges the things of his world in a new way which pleases him? It would be wrong to think he does not take that world seriously; on the contrary, he takes his play very seriously and he expends large amounts of emotion on it. The opposite of play is not what is serious but what is real. In spite of all the emotion with which he cathects his world of play, the child distinguishes it quite well from reality; and he likes to link his imagined objects and situations to the tangible and visible things of the real world. This linking is all that differentiates the child’s ‘play’ from ‘phantasying’. The creative writer does the same as the child at play. He creates a world of phantasy which he takes very seriously that is, which he invests with large amounts of emotion while separating it sharply from reality. Language has preserved this relationship between children’s play and poetic creation. It gives [in German] the name of ‘Spiel’ [‘play’] to those forms of imaginative writing which require to be linked to tangible objects and which are capable of representation. It speaks of a ‘Lustspiel’ or ‘Trauerspiel’ [‘comedy’ or ‘tragedy’: literally, ‘pleasure play’ or ‘mourning play’] and describes those who carry out the representation as ‘Schauspieler’ [‘players’: literally ‘show-players’]. The unreality of the writer’s imaginative world, however, has very important consequences for the technique of his art; for many things which, if they were real, could give no enjoyment, can do so in the play of phantasy, and many excitements which, in themselves, are actually distressing, can become a source of pleasure for the hearers and spectators at the performance of a writer’s work. There is another consideration for the sake of which we will dwell a moment longer on this contrast between reality and play. When the child has grown up and has ceased to play, and after he has been labouring for decades to envisage the realities of life with proper seriousness, he may one day find himself in a mental situation which once more undoes the contrast between play and reality. As an adult he can look back on the intense seriousness with which he once carried on his games in childhood; and, by equating his ostensibly serious occupations of to-day with his childhood games, he can throw off the too heavy burden imposed on him by life and win the high yield of pleasure afforded by humour. As people grow up, then, they cease to play, and they seem to give up the yield of pleasure which they gained from playing. But whoever understands the human mind knows that hardly anything is harder for a man than to give up a pleasure which he has once experienced. Actually, we can never give anything up; we only exchange one thing for another. What appears to be a renunciation is really the formation of a substitute or surrogate. In the same way, the growing child, when he stops playing, gives up nothing but the link with real objects; instead playing, he now phantasies. He builds castles in the air and creates what are called day- dreams. I believe that most people construct phantasies at times in their lives. This is a fact which has long been overlooked and whose importance has therefore not been sufficiently appreciated. People’s phantasies are less easy to observe than the play of children. The child, it is true, plays by himself or forms a closed psychical system with other children for the purposes of a game; but even though he may not play his game in front of the grown-ups, he does not, on the other hand, conceal it from them. The adult, on the contrary, is ashamed of his phantasies and hides them from other people. He cherishes his phantasies as his most intimate possessions, and as a rule he would rather confess his misdeeds than tell anyone his phantasies. It may come about that for that reason he believes he is the only person who invents such phantasies and has no idea that creations of this kind are widespread among other people. This difference in the behaviour of a person who plays and a person who phantasies is accounted for by the motives of these two activities, which are nevertheless adjuncts to each other. A child’s play is determined by wishes: in point of fact by a single wish-one that helps in his upbringing the wish to be big and grown up. He is always playing at being ‘grown up’, and in his games he imitates what he knows about the lives of his elders. He has no reason to conceal this wish. With the adult, the case is different. On the one hand, he knows that he is expected not to go on playing or phantasying any longer, but to act in the real world; on the other hand, some of the wishes which give rise to his phantasies are of a kind which it is essential to conceal. Thus he is ashamed of his phantasies as being childish and as being unpermissible. But, you will ask, if people make such a mystery of their phantasying, how is it that we know such a lot about it? Well, there is a class of human beings upon whom, not a god, indeed, but a stern goddess Necessity has allotted the task of telling what they suffer and what things give them happiness. These are the victims of nervous illness, who are obliged to tell their phantasies, among other things, to the doctor by whom they expect to be cured by mental treatment. This is our best source of knowledge, and we have since found good reason to suppose that our patients tell us nothing that we might not also hear from healthy people. Let us now make ourselves acquainted with a few of the characteristics of phantasying. We may lay it down that a happy person never phantasies, only an unsatisfied one. The motive forces of phantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single phantasy is the fulfilment of a wish, a correction of unsatisfying reality. These motivating wishes vary according to the sex, character and circumstances of the person who is having the phantasy; but they fall naturally into two main groups. They are either ambitious wishes, which serve to elevate the subject’s personality; or they are erotic ones. In young women the erotic wishes predominate almost exclusively, for their ambition is as a rule absorbed by erotic trends. In young men egoistic and ambitious wishes come to the fore clearly enough alongside of erotic ones. But we will not lay stress on the opposition between the two trends; we would rather emphasize the fact that they are often united. Just as, in many altar- pieces, the portrait of the donor is to be seen in a corner of the picture, so, in the majority of ambitious phantasies, we can discover in some corner or other the lady for whom the creator of the phantasy performs all his heroic deeds and at whose feet all his triumphs are laid. Here, as you see, there are strong enough motives for concealment; the well-brought-up young woman is only allowed a minimum of erotic desire, and the young man has to learn to suppress the excess of self-regard which he brings with him from the spoilt days of his childhood, so that he may find his place in a society which is full of other individuals making equally strong demands. We must not suppose that the products of this imaginative activity the various phantasies, castles in the air and day-dreams are stereotyped or unalterable. On the contrary, they fit themselves in to the subject’s shifting impressions of life, change with every change in his situation, and receive from every fresh active impression what might be called a ‘date-mark’. The relation of a phantasy to time is in general very important. We may say that it hovers, as it were, between three times the three moments of time which our ideation involves. Mental work is linked to some current impression, some provoking occasion in the present which has been able to arouse one of the subject’s major wishes. From there it harks back to a memory of an earlier experience (usually an infantile one) in which this wish was fulfilled; and it now creates a situation relating to the future which represents a fulfilment of the wish. What it thus creates is a day-dream or phantasy, which carries about it traces of its origin from the occasion which provoked it and from the memory. Thus past, present and future are strung together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through them. A very ordinary example may serve to make what I have said clear. Let us take the case of a poor orphan boy to whom you have given the address of some employer where he may perhaps find a job. On his way there he may indulge in a day-dream appropriate to the situation from which it arises. The content of his phantasy will perhaps be something like this. He is given a job, finds favour with his new employer, makes himself indispensable in the business, is taken into his employer’s family, marries the charming young daughter of the house, and then himself becomes a director of the business, first as his employer’s partner and then as his successor. In this phantasy, the dreamer has regained what he possessed in his happy childhood the protecting house, the loving parents and the first objects of his affectionate feelings. You will see from this example the way in which the wish makes use of an occasion in the present to construct, on the pattern of the past, a picture of the future. There is a great deal more that could be said about phantasies; but I will only allude as briefly as possible to certain points. If phantasies become over-luxuriant and over-powerful, the conditions are laid for an onset of neurosis or psychosis. Phantasies, moreover, are the immediate mental precursors of the distressing symptoms complained of by our patients. Here a broad by-path branches off into pathology. I cannot pass over the relation of phantasies to dreams. Our dreams at night are nothing else than phantasies like these, as we can demonstrate from the interpretation of dreams.? Language, in its unrivalled wisdom, long ago decided the question of the essential nature of dreams by giving the name of ‘day-dreams’ to the airy creations of phantasy. If the meaning of our dreams usually remains obscure to us in spite of this pointer, it is because of the circumstance that at night there also arise in us wishes of which we are ashamed; these we must conceal from ourselves, and they have consequently been repressed, pushed into the unconscious. Repressed wishes of this sort and their derivatives are only allowed to come to expression in a very distorted form. When scientific work had succeeded in elucidating this factor of dream-distortion, it was no longer difficult to recognize that night-dreams are wish-fulfilments in just the same way as day-dreams the phantasies which we all know so well. ? Cf. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a). So much for phantasies. And now for the creative writer. May we really attempt to compare the imaginative writer with the ‘dreamer in broad daylight’, and his creations with day-dreams? Here we must begin by making an initial distinction. We must separate writers who, like the ancient authors of epics and tragedies, take over their material ready-made, from writers who seem to originate their own material. We will keep to the latter kind, and, for the purposes of our comparison, we will choose not the writers most highly esteemed by the critics, but the less pretentious authors of novels, romances and short stories, who nevertheless have the widest and most eager circle of readers of both sexes. One feature above all cannot fail to strike us about the creations of these story-writers: each of them has a hero who is the centre of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and whom he seems to place under the protection of a special Providence. If, at the end of one chapter of my story, I leave the hero unconscious and bleeding from severe wounds, I am sure to find him at the beginning of the next being carefully nursed and on the way to recovery; and if the first volume closes with the ship he is in going down in a storm at sea, I am certain, at the opening of the second volume, to read of his miraculous rescue a rescue without which the story could not proceed. The feeling of security with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventures is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the water to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemy’s fire in order to storm a battery. It is the true heroic feeling, which one of our best writers has expressed in an inimitable phrase: ‘Nothing can happen to me! ’ It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of invulnerability we can immediately recognize His Majesty the Ego, the hero alike of every day-dream and of every story. Other typical features of these egocentric stories point to the same kinship. The fact that all the women in the novel invariably fall in love with the hero can hardly be looked on as a portrayal of reality, but it is easily understood as a necessary constituent of a day-dream. The same is true of the fact that the other characters in the story are sharply divided into good and bad, in defiance of the variety of human characters that are to be observed in real life. The ‘good’ ones are the helpers, while the ‘bad’ ones are the enemies and rivals, of the ego which has become the hero of the story. We are perfectly aware that very many imaginative writings are far removed from the model of the naive day-dream; and yet I cannot suppress the suspicion that even the most extreme deviations from that model could be linked with it through an uninterrupted series of transitional cases. It has struck me that in many of what are known as ‘psychological’ novels only one person once again the hero is described from within. The author sits inside his mind, as it were, and looks at the other characters from outside. The psychological novel in general no doubt owes its special nature to the inclination of the modern writer to split up his ego, by self- observation, into many part-egos, and, in consequence, to personify the conflicting currents of his own mental life in several heroes. Certain novels, which might be described as ‘eccentric’, seem to stand in quite special contrast to the type of the day-dream. In these, the person who is introduced as the hero plays only a very small active part; he sees the actions and sufferings of other people pass before him like a spectator. Many of Zola’s later works belong to this category. But I must point out that the psychological analysis of individuals who are not creative writers, and who diverge in some respects from the so-called norm, has shown us analogous variations of the day-dream, in which the ego contents itself with the role of spectator. If our comparison of the imaginative writer with the day-dreamer, and of poetical creation with the day-dream, is to be of any value, it must, above all, show itself in some way or other fruitful. Let us, for instance, try to apply to these authors’ works the thesis we laid down earlier concerning the relation between phantasy and the three periods of time and the wish which runs through them; and, with its help, let us try to study the connections that exist between the life of the writer and his works. No one has known, as a rule, what expectations to frame in approaching this problem; and often the connection has been thought of in much too simple terms. In the light of the insight we have gained from phantasies, we ought to expect the following state of affairs. A strong experience in the present awakens in the creative writer a memory of an earlier experience (usually belonging to his childhood) from which there now proceeds a wish which finds its fulfilment in the creative work. The work itself exhibits elements of the recent provoking occasion as well as of the old memory. Do not be alarmed at the complexity of this formula. I suspect that in fact it will prove to be too exiguous a pattern. Nevertheless, it may contain a first approach to the true state of affairs; and, from some experiments I have made, I am inclined to think that this way of looking at creative writings may turn out not unfruitful. You will not forget that the stress it lays on childhood memories in the writer’s life a stress which may perhaps seem puzzling is ultimately derived from the assumption that a piece of creative writing, like a day-dream, is a continuation of, and a substitute for, what was once the play of childhood. We must not neglect, however, to go back to the kind of imaginative works which we have to recognize, not as original creations, but as the re-fashioning of ready- made and familiar material. Even here, the writer keeps a certain amount of independence, which can express itself in the choice of material and in changes in it which are often quite extensive. In so far as the material is already at hand, however, it is derived from the popular treasure-house of myths, legends and fairy tales. The study of constructions of folk-psychology such as these is far from being complete, but it is extremely probable that myths, for instance, are distorted vestiges of the wishful phantasies of whole nations, the secular dreams of youthful humanity. You will say that, although I have put the creative writer first in the title of my paper, I have told you far less about him than about phantasies. I am aware of that, and I must try to excuse it by pointing to the present state of our knowledge. All I have been able to do is to throw out some encouragements and suggestions which, starting from the study of phantasies, lead on to the problem of the writer’s choice of his literary material. As for the other problem by what means the creative writer achieves the emotional effects in us that are aroused by his creations we have as yet not touched on it at all. But I should like at least to point out to you the path that leads from our discussion of phantasies to the problems of poetical effects. You will remember how I have said that the day-dreamer carefully conceals his phantasies from other people because he feels he has reasons for being ashamed of them. I should now add that even if he were to communicate them to us he could give us no pleasure by his disclosures. Such phantasies, when we learn them, repel us or at least leave us cold. But when a creative writer presents his plays to us or tells us what we are inclined to take to be his personal day dreams, we experience a great pleasure, and one which probably arises from the confluence of many sources. How the writer accomplishes this is his innermost secret; the essential ars poetica lies in the technique of overcoming the feeling of repulsion in us which is undoubtedly connected with the barriers that rise  between each single ego and the others. We can guess two of the methods used by this technique. The writer softens the character of his egoistic day-dreams by altering and disguising it, and he bribes us by the purely formal that is, aesthetic yield of pleasure which he offers us in the presentation of his phantasies. We give the name of an incentive bonus, or a fore-pleasure, to a yield of pleasure such as this, which is offered to us so as to make possible the release of still greater pleasure arising from deeper psychical sources. In my opinion, all the aesthetic pleasure which a creative writer affords us has the character of a fore-pleasure of this kind, and our actual enjoyment of an imaginative work proceeds from a liberation of tensions in our minds. It may even be that not a little of this effect is due to the writer’s enabling us thenceforward to enjoy our own day-dreams without self-reproach or shame. This brings us to the threshold of new, interesting and complicated enquiries; but also, at least for the moment, to the end of our discussion.

The Importance Of Export

The Importance Of Export Export is essential part of the Trade. Among the word export is considered as export led growth hypothesis or theory or assumption for a countries development. Export led growth is very debatable issue around the word and different opinions of economists. Economists strongly beliefs that to measure economy growth is really complex which depends on various factors like trade, capital accumulation (both physical and human), price fluctuation, income distribution and political condition as well as many uncertain characteristics (Emilio 2001). From the last three decades export led growth has been issue of substantial research and empirical examination (Mahadevan 2007). The export led growth is always debated topic in the literature on Trade and development. The relationship between exports and economic growth is one of the main comprehensively investigated issues on the Development and empirical literature. There is argue on whether countries should encourage export sector to gain economic growth climaxed into which is identified as Export- Led Growth (ELG), ELG indicates that countries adopt an external direction tend to achieve superior economic performances (Galimberti 2009). There are lots of different views on like exports as an engine of growth or assume like it as only handmaiden of growth and however others proposes that there is simultaneous relationship between the two (Mohammad Karunaratne 2004). Most of studies concentrate on the relationship between exports and GDP while some of such as focus at relationship between exports and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth (Hatemi-J Irandoust 2001), (Hacker Hatemi-J 2003) and (Bernard Jensen 2004) , others such as examined the relationship between exports and labour productivity growth (Kunst Marin 1989), (Marin 1992) and (Thangayelu Rajaguru 2004). At wider level, the focus of the debate is on whether or not a country is better served by orienting trade policies to export promotion or import substitution(Giles Williams 2000) and Export led growth debate is focus on Is a country better processed by pointing export promotion or trade policies or to import substitution(Bhagwati 1988). The theory of neo- classical trade supports that export can contribute to economic growth of the country whereas some argument that the controversies are highly non-rational and there is not firm based from economic theory (Dani 1994), in addition countries empirical evidence such as South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and China defends the neo-classical arguments (Mohammad Karunaratne 2004). The sensational growth operations of these countries have motivated many to illustrate trade policy as a fundamental component of economic development (Krueger 1998) (Sachs Warner 1995). Consequently, the aim of this study is to examine the export led growth using the one of the developing country. The mainly focus on a single developing country, analysing empirically between the diversification of the export and the economic growth of the country by identifying the countrys export programmes and strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the final purpose of this study is to measure the significance of exports in the developing country how export leads growth of the economy. Globalisation and Export Globalisation concerns to the developing interdependence of countries consequential from the growing international trade, finance, people and ideas in one universal open market. The main factors of this integration are International trade and cross-border investment flows. Economic globalisation is not a new remarkable development. There is not particular definition of globalisation but economists usually use the term to refer to international integration in commodity, capital and labour markets (Bordo, Michael Taylor 2003). There have been two phases of the Globalisation (BALDWIN MARTIN 1999). The first phase started proximately the mid 19th century and declined with the beginning of World War I and the second phase began in the consequences of the World War II and prolongs today. Many economist argue that it begun as early as the second half of the 19th century and decreased with the start of World War I (Taylor 2002),(Kenwood Lougheed 1999). In the both phases of Globalisation the output growth and rapid trade went together with the significant changes in the world economy. There is one precious lesson from the history that globalisation has not been horizontal process. A number of international institutions instituted in the come around of World War II World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organisation (WTO) established in 1995. They all have played a great role in encouraging free trade instead of protectionism. According to Mike Moore as well the past Director General of the World trade Organisation (WTO) Globalisation has joined imperialism, colonialism, capitalism and communism in becoming an all purpose tag, which can be wielded like a club in almost any ideological direction. It is the defining political economic and social phenomenon of the new millennium (Moore 2003, p. 15). There are lots of definitions given by different institutions or organisations like World Bank (Stern 2002, p. 53), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED 2002, p. 20), International Monitory Fund (IMF) (Krueger 2002) and in simple terms globalisation define as international trade and diversification of business one country to another country in terms of human power, commodities or services. According to OCEDs 2006 report one of the important features of the globalisation is reducing the barriers of trades and Foreign Direct Investment is becoming essential factor in the world-wide process of industrial reforming and the growth of authentically global industries.(OECD 2006). Over the last two decades, globalisation has excellent devoted a boost to world trade, has risen one and a halftimes quicker than world output, and the variation has even been noticeable superior in current years as world trade development accelerated very sturdily (Giurgiu 2009). The scope of exports and imports as a ratio of GDP is constantly rising, reason behind that is many countries in the world are giving opportunity to do international trade. Another reason for globalisation is rapidly increase due to free trade, customs unions and other types of co-operation between countries. According to Welfens (1999) defines a examination involving export exposure and import penetration would be considered as example of globalisation and Heckscher purported that export flow are foundation on comparative advantage and economics(Tayeb 2000, p. 15). Every coin has pros and cons same as globalisation is also a debatable issue, there are some positives effects and some are negatives. So at the same time gives benefits and creates new threats to the societies, individuals and economic systems. There are uncertainties that it might aggravate the space between rich and poor, might be within the country or cross the country, making new fears to human safety in terms of financial instability, political, and cultural insecurity and environment deficiency (Martens Raza 2010). In other words, the advantageous, pioneering and dynamic aspects of globalisation are being annoyance, and accordingly some more counteract, by forces that create interference and marginalisation, such as exodus and population growth, the appearance of contagious infections, expanding inequalities in development world-wide, weather fluctuation, an immediate loss of bio-diversity and the shortage and pollution of natural resources (Rennen Martens 2003). Facts and Figure of economy According to the data of the World Trade Report of 2008, after World War II international trade come back with excellent growth which was noticeable with world commodity exports, increased by more than 8 per cent annum in actual 1950-1973 period terms over. Again there was negative impact on the trade growth subsequent reasons, impact of two oil price shocks, internal presser of inflation caused by monetary diversification and inadequate macroeconomic adjustment polices. In 1990s, trade increased because of the partly motivation by advance resolution in the information technology sector. Although in the year 2001 the small retrenchment of trade origin by the dotcom crisis, the year 2000-07 period the average extension of world commodity exports constantly rise with averaging 6 per cent . The whole average from 1950 to2007 period trade extension on averaged by 6.2 per cent which is much solid than the first phase of the globalisation from 1850 t0 1913 (World War I period). After World War II the price of dollar was increased very quickly before World War I the trade insignificant expansion of the past period is more than double as fast as in the former period (9.8 per cent versus 3.8 per cent per annum) (WTO 2008). GDP of the World (all data are in US dollars US) During the financial crises on year 2008 the estimated world GDP was 2.7% while in the year 2009 the GDP rate was (-) 0.7% estimated which is very shocking GDP due to the effect of the financial crises year 2007-2008 and in the year 2010 estimated GDP was 4.7% which is dramatically which indicates good economic growth of the world. There are top ten things which have great contribution in the export sectors 1st position is electrical machinery including computers the export rate is 14.8%, 2nd position mineral fuels including oil, coal, gas and refined products which has second highest rate 14.4%, 3rd position is nuclear reactors, boilers and parts rate is 14.2%, 4th place cars, trucks and buses 8.9%, 5th place is scientific and precision instruments 3.5%, 6th position is plastics 3.4%, 7th place is iron and steel rate 2.7%, 8th is organic chemical 2.6%, 9th place take pharmaceutical products 2.6%, last but not least diamonds, pearls and precious stones 1.9%. These are the main export sector for the world wild and for the integrated diversification in the export sector. This all data are as per world economy report 2011. Export led growth The fundamental relation between economic growth and exports has long been border and central of substantial discussion and debate among the economists, public sectors and trade professionals. On the bases of theoretical approach, there are four probable results (Chen 2007). First result is that export growth is measured to be the main causal of an economic growth in production and employment. It is called Export-led Growth (ELG) hypothesis. ELG growth is categorised in one direction consideration from export to Gross Domestic product. The second result is Growth driven Export hypothesis assumes that an increase in GDP usually direct to representing rise in exports (Bhagwati 1988). There is one direction relationship from output to export for Growth Driven Export. Third and fourth outcomes also very important cant ignorable which two-way direction relationship and neutral relationships between economic growth and exports (Grossman Helpman 1991). In the simple words export lead growth is an economic development strategy which is used by developing country to another country to get comparative advantage. Export and foreign trade play a great role to rise countrys economic growth and development. ELG model or strategy or hypothesis is mainly used for the counties like developing countries and developed countries to generate benefits on each other. According to (Jung Marshall 1985) export led growth is enhanced output, employment and consumption which directs to rise in the demand for a countrys output. There is positive bonding between the exports and economic growth its gained from the foreign markets. In other word can say that export is an engine of growth. According to (Awokuse 2008) , export can grow three ways; first, export development can be a medium for output growth directly as a part of total output. There is demand of domestic products in the foreign market which can reason for economic growth in output through enhancement in the income and employment in the sector of export. Second, export growth can also influence via different ways like large number of utilization ability, distribution of efficient resource, economies of scale development and inspiration of technological perfection because of overseas (foreign markets) competition (Helpman Krugman 1985). With the help of the economies of scale companies or firms or organisations can take advantage on non-export sector which is externally but internally it helpful to whole economy growth. Third, diversification of ex ports provides foreign exchange which is essential for output growth (Esfahani 1991). Following researchers have (Feder 1982), (Ram 1985), (Tyler 1981), (Ukpolo 1994), and (Bodman 1996) the same opinion on the export and economic growth relationship. The models of (EDWARDS 1991) propound integrating positive effects from trade to enlargement are correlated to an significantly near originated by (Lewis 1955) who argue that developing countries have more incorporated technological advantage than rest of the world which does not integrated. There are three main groups which highly interested on the export performance; first is public policy makers, second managers and third is researcher (Sousa et al. 2008) (Katsikeas, Leonidou Morgan 2000) . Public-policy-makers analyse that exporting is approach to collect foreign exchange reserves, rising employment levels, better productivity and in that way increasing wealth of the country (Czinkota 1994). Managers, it is essential because it boosts corporate development and make sure that firm should survive for long term (Samiee Walters 1990) (Terpstra Sarathy 2000). Research has also important role they identifies exporting a challenging and promising theories in international marketing (Zou Stan 1998). There are only two aspect of the export led growth the first is that export led growth can generate profit so that country can balance their finances as well as reduce the long term debts and develop material for the export. The second aspect is that export led growth which is much more debatable issue which increase the export growth which helpful to increase in the GDP of the country. According to (Thirlwal 2000, p. 6) economics theories indicates that two types of benefits from trade liberalization which has subsistence advantage. The two benefits are static gains and second dynamic gains. Static gains can be achieved by the resources reorganisation from lease productive sector to higher sector, directing to specialization. The second dynamic gains involve with international trade, enhancement of investment and quick productivity development based on the economics of scale, leaning by doing effects and the acquiring knowledge regarding overseas, specially throughout foreign direct investment. According to Palley the most of East Asian countries had a number of negative effects due to importance on export lead growth. 1st it prohibited the progress of the domestic market growth. 2nd it indicates that developing countries are race to the bottom because of the regulatory competition among themselves. 3rd it creates conflicts or problems between the developing countries and developed countries. 4th there is affiliation between exports led growth and financial volatility by developing overinvestment booms. 5th because of the importance take placed on global goods and commodity markets, this model has infuriated the long- trend decline in developing countries trade. Last but not least the most import, export led growth has resisted the reliance of developing countries on the developed world, consequently becoming helpless and decline the latters market. Palley also argue that export led growth which is used by the East Asian countries form last decades but its not any longer be st strategy (Palley 2002).